Enhanced alveo pulmonary deposition of nebulized ciclesonide for attenuating airways inflammations: a strategy to overcome metered dose inhaler drawbacks.

Ciclesonide (CIC), an inhaled corticosteroid for bronchial asthma is currently available as metered dose inhaler (CIC-MDI) which possesses a major challenge in the management of the elderly, critically ill patients and children. In this work, nebulized CIC nano-structure lipid particles (CIC-NLPs) were prepared and evaluated for their deep pulmonary delivery and cytotoxicity to provide additional clinical benefits to patients in controlled manner and lower dose. The bio-efficacy following nebulization in ovalbumin (OVA) induced asthma Balb/c mice compared to commercial (CIC-MDI) was also assessed. The developed NLPs of 222.6 nm successfully entrapped CIC (entrapment efficiency 93.3%) and exhibited favorable aerosolization efficiency (mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) 2.03 µm and fine particle fraction (FPF) of 84.51%) at lower impactor stages indicating deep lung deposition without imparting any cytotoxic effect up to a concentration of 100 µg/ml. The nebulization of 40 µg dose of the developed CIC-NLPs revealed significant therapeutic impact in the mitigation of the allergic airways inflammations when compared to 80 µg dose of the commercial CIC-MDI inhaler (Alvesco®). Superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects characterized by significant decrease (p< .0001) in inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and 13, serum IgE levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity were obvious with concomitant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Histological examination with inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration in the respiratory tract was correlated well with observed biochemical improvement.

Response Surface Optimization of Ultra-Elastic Nanovesicles Loaded with Deflazacort Tailored for Transdermal Delivery: Accentuated Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to develop deflazacort (DFZ) ultra-elastic nanovesicles (UENVs) loaded gel for topical administration to evade gastrointestinal adverse impacts accompanying DFZ oral therapy. METHODS: UENVs were elaborated according to D-optimal mixture design employing different edge activators as Span-60, Tween-85 and sodium cholate which were incorporated into the nanovesicles to improve the deformability of vesicles bilayer. DFZ-UENVs were formulated by thin-film hydration technique followed by characterization for different parameters including entrapment efficiency (%EE), particle size, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. The composition of the optimized DFZ-UENV formulation was found to be DFZ (10 mg), Span-60 (30 mg), Tween-85 (30 mg), sodium cholate (3.93 mg), L-α phosphatidylcholine (60 mg) and cholesterol (30 mg). The optimum formulation was incorporated into hydrogel base then characterized in terms of physical parameters, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation study and pharmacodynamics evaluation. Finally, pharmacokinetic study in rabbits was performed via transdermal application of UENVs gel in comparison to oral drug. RESULTS: The optimum UENVs formulation exhibited %EE of 74.77±1.33, vesicle diameter of 219.64±2.52 nm, 68.88±1.64% of DFZ released after 12 h and zeta potential of -55.57±1.04 mV. The current work divulged successful augmentation of the bioavailability of DFZ optimum formulation by about 1.37-fold and drug release retardation compared to oral drug tablets besides significant depression of edema, cellular inflammation and capillary congestion in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. CONCLUSION: The transdermal DFZ-UENVs can achieve boosted bioavailability and may be suggested as an auspicious non-invasive alternative platform for oral route.

Visualizing the spatial localization of ciclesonide and its metabolites in rat lungs after inhalation of 1-µm aerosol of ciclesonide by desorption electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry imaging.

Inhaled ciclesonide (CIC), a corticosteroid used to treat asthma that is also being investigated for the treatment of corona virus disease 2019, hydrolyzes to desisobutyryl-ciclesonide (des-CIC) followed by reversible esterification when exposed to fatty acids in lungs. While previous studies have described the distribution and metabolism of the compounds after inhalation, spatial localization in the lungs remains unclear. We visualized two-dimensional spatial localization of CIC and its metabolites in rat lungs after administration of a single dose of a CIC aerosol (with the mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.918-1.168 µm) using desorption electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI). In the analysis, CIC, des-CIC, and des-CIC-oleate were imaged in frozen lung sections at high spatial and mass resolutions in negative-ion mode. MSI revealed the coexistence of CIC, des-CIC, and des-CIC-oleate on the airway epithelium, and the distribution of des-CIC and des-CIC-oleate in peripheral lung regions. In addition, a part of CIC independently localized on the airway epithelium. These results suggest that distribution of CIC and its metabolites in lungs is related to both the intended delivery of aerosols to pulmonary alveoli and peripheral regions, and the potential deposition of CIC particles on the airway epithelium.

In vitro evaluation of reactive nature of E- and Z-guggulsterones and their metabolites in human liver microsomes using UHPLC-Orbitrap mass spectrometer.

Guggulipid is known to be useful for hypercholesterolemia, arthritis, acne, and obesity. These activities are attributed to its two principal isomeric active constituents, viz., E- and Z-guggulsterones. There are several side effects reported for guggulipid, which include widespread erythematous papules in a morbilliform pattern and macules localized to the arms; swelling and erythema of the face with burning sensation; pruritis; and bullous lesions on the lower legs with associated headaches, myalgia and itching. We hypothesized that one probable reason for these toxic reactions could be the formation of electrophilic reactive metabolites (RMs) of guggulsterones and their subsequent reaction with cellular proteins. Unfortunately, no report exists in the literature highlighting detection of RMs of guggulsterone isomers. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to investigate the potential of E- and Z-guggulsterones to form RMs in human liver microsomes (HLM) using glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as trapping agents. The generated samples were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The analysis of incubations with trapping agents highlighted that hydroxylated metabolites of guggulsterone isomers showed adduction with GSH and NAC. Even direct adducts of guggulsterone isomers were observed with both the trapping agents. The in silico toxicity potential of E- and Z-guggulsterones and their RMs was predicted using ADMET Predictor™ software and comparison was made against reported toxicities of guggulipid.

A Review of Deflazacort for Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Objective: The objective of this article is to review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosage and administration, and formulary considerations of deflazacort. Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE (1946 to December 31, 2019) was conducted using the terms deflazacort and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Results were limited to clinical trials, humans, and English. Additional sources and data were obtained from the references of included articles and prescribing information. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles published after July 2014 related to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, or safety of the therapy in human subjects were included. Data Synthesis: Deflazacort 0.9 mg/kg/d is a once-daily oral corticosteroid and is the first drug of its class to be Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for DMD. Studies with deflazacort show improved functional outcomes, delayed onset of cardiomyopathy, reduction in scoliosis surgery, and improved survival, but these improvements are supported by relatively weak evidence. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This review presents data from studies published after the most recent DMD 2016 treatment guidelines and offers prescribing considerations, including pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, formulary considerations, and areas of uncertainty. Conclusions: Deflazacort presents an additional, FDA-approved corticosteroid option for patients that offers improved quality of life for DMD patients. However, there is weak evidence to support these benefits; a full risk-benefit analysis considering adverse events, efficacy, cost, and previous trials of steroid therapy is necessary when selecting therapy. Further research will help clarify deflazacort's optimal dose, duration of treatment, and impact on quality of life.

An Ultrasensitive LC-APPI-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ciclesonide and Active Metabolite Desisobutyryl-Ciclesonide in Human Serum and Its Application to a Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: The development of more efficient drug delivery devices for ciclesonide inhalation products requires an ultrasensitive bioanalytical method to measure systematic exposure of ciclesonide (CIC) and its active metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide (des-CIC) in humans. METHOD: Serum sample was extracted with 1-chlorobutane. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APPI-MS/MS) method was used for quantification of 1-500 pg/mL for both analytes in a 0.500-mL serum. The analysis time was 4.7 min/injection. CIC-d11 and des-CIC-d11 were used as the internal standards. RESULTS: Calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.99) for both analytes. This novel method was precise and accurate with interassay precision and accuracy of all within 9.6% CV and ± 4.0% bias for regular QC samples. Extraction recovery was approximately 85% for both analytes. Serum samples are stable for 3 freeze-thaw cycles, 24 h at bench top, and up to 706 days at both -20 °C and -70 °C. This method was successfully used to support a pharmacokinetic (PK) comparison between the inhalation suspensions and an inhalation aerosol of ciclesonide in healthy participants. The method robustness was also supported by the good incurred sample reanalysis reproducibility. CONCLUSION: APPI, a highly selective and sensitive ionization source, made possible for quantifying CIC and des-CIC with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 1 pg/mL in human serum by LC-MS/MS. A 10-fold sensitivity improvement from the most sensitive reported method (LLOQ, 10 pg/mL) is essential to fully characterize the PK profiles of CIC and des-CIC in support of the clinical development of the ciclesonide-related medications for patients.

Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of six glucocorticoids and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in nude mice.

In this study, a simple, rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS analytical method for simultaneous determination of six glucocorticoids including 21-hydroxy deflazacort (21-OH DFZ), prednisolone (PNL), betamethasone (BET), beclomethasone (BEC), triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), budesonide (BUD) in nude mice plasma was developed and validated. Using testosterone as internal standard, the plasma samples were prepared by precipitation with acetonitrile and separated using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution by gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Quantitation was performed on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring in positive electrospray ionization mode. Calibration curves were developed over the range of 1-400 ng/mL for TCA, 5-2000 ng/mL for 21-OH DFZ, BET, BEC as well as BUD, and 10-2000 ng/mL for PNL. The accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery and stability were validated to be within acceptable criteria. The method was successfully applied to a preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) study of the six GCs on female nude mice after a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg. The PK profiles of all the six GCs were described by two-compartment model with first-order absorption rate.

In-vitro metabolism, CYP profiling and metabolite identification of E- and Z- guggulsterone, a potent hypolipidmic agent.

The polyphenol E- and Z-gugggulsterone (GS) is an antagonist ligand for the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and known to possess potent hypolipidemic properties as shown in various preclinical and clinical studies. In the present study, we examined drug-like properties of GS by assessing the isomers plasma protein binding, metabolic stability, CYP profiling, CYP inhibition, and phase I and II metabolite identification of GS using liver microsomes and S9 fractions. GS followed Lipinski and Veber rules and were substrates of CYP3A CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 isoforms. GS was also found to be an inhibitor of CYP2C19 with an IC50 value of 2.1 µM. GS showed high plasma protein binding (<96%), and low to moderate binding with human serum albumin (∼70%). Unbound intrinsic clearances (CLint, in-vitro) was determined to be low at 0.029 ±â€¯0.0009 and 0.027 ±â€¯0.008 mL/min/mg protein for E- and Z-isomer, respectively in human liver microsomes. Nineteen phase I and II metabolites were identified and hydroxylation was found to be major metabolic pathway using human liver microsomes and S9 fractions. The results of in-vitro drug-metabolism studies provide impetus for further structural modification of this pharmacophore in order to improve the stability of drugs with potent hypolipidemic effects.

Ciclesonide and budesonide suspensions for nebulization delivery: An in vivo inhalation biopharmaceutics investigation.

The pulmonary fate of inhaled poorly water-soluble drugs is not entirely clear. In this study, the main objective was to investigate the in vivo inhalation biopharmaceutics in the aspects of dissolution, mucociliary clearance, absorption and tissue binding using intratracheally administered budesonide and ciclesonide suspensions as model drugs. In doing so, this study first developed a method to differentiate between dissolved and undissolved ciclesonide in the lungs for evaluating in vivo dissolution. Following deposited in rat airways, the drug particles underwent rapid dissolution and mucociliary clearance, leading to the complete removal of drugs from the airways within 2 h and a limited absorption time less than 2 h. Upon dissolution, budesonide and ciclesonide were taken up and retained in the lung tissues for up to 12 h and 24 h, respectively. The in vivo dissolution profiles in the airways exhibited the sameness as the in vitro counterparts in a 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution as indicated by the similarity factor f2. The efficacy results in a lipopolysaccharide induced lung injury model showed that the duration of local anti-inflammatory was dependent on the drug levels in the lung tissues, but not on the in vitro/in vivo dissolution and plasma pharmacokinetics. The present results demonstrated that ciclesonide suspension has the potential to achieve once-daily dosing for nebulization therapy and the in vitro dissolution profile has limited usefulness in predicting in vitro-in vivo correlation.

Pharmacokinetics of deflazacort in rabbits after intravenous and oral administration and its interaction with erythromycin.

The pharmacokinetic of deflazacort after intravenous and oral administration and the effect of erythromycin on the disposition of deflazacort in rabbits were investigated. A parallel study was carried out in twelve rabbits. The plasma concentration-time profiles of deflazacort were determined after intravenous and oral administration of single dosages of 5 mg/kg in the presence and absence (baseline) of multiple dose erythromycin regimens. Plasma concentrations of 21-desacetyldeflazacort were determined by HPLC. Plasma concentration-time curves were analysed by compartmental pharmacokinetic and noncompartmental methods. The t½λz values following intravenous and oral administration were 3.67 and 4.96 hr, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss ) was 4.08 ± 0.31 L/kg, this value indicates that deflazacort is widely distributed into the extravascular tissues. Moreover, bioavailability after oral administration of deflazacort (F = 87.48%) was high. Pharmacokinetic analysis after both routes of administration revealed a significant reduction in total body clearance, a significant increase in mean residence time, half-life and plasma concentrations of the steroid in the presence of multiple dose erythromycin. The results indicated the influence of the erythromycin on deflazacort disposition, which is consistent with a pharmacokinetic-type interaction in the elimination of the drug from the body. Moreover, this interaction should be considered to avoid adverse effects when using both drugs concomitantly.

Deflazacort: therapeutic index, relative potency and equivalent doses versus other corticosteroids.

BACKGROUND: Deflazacort is a synthetic corticosteroid characterized by a favourable pharmacokinetic profile, peculiar pharmacodynamic properties and a good safety profile. However, to the best of our knowledge, no dose-conversion table based on direct comparison of relative potencies between deflazacort and other main corticosteroids is currently available in scientific literature. MAIN BODY: This paper, while reporting a brief review of deflazacort pharmacological properties, its efficacy and tolerability in different clinical areas, has been designed with the specific aim of providing a new dose-conversion table of corticosteroids, including for the first time also deflazacort. SHORT CONCLUSION: We suggest that this new conversion table could be a useful tool for physicians who need to select the appropriate dose of deflazacort in their clinical practice.

Ciclesonide: A Pro-Soft Drug Approach for Mitigation of Side Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids.

Inhaled corticosteroids are used as one of the first-line drug therapy in patients with asthma. However, their long-term use is associated with various oropharyngeal and systemic side and adverse effects. Design of pro-soft drug is one of the strategies, which was adopted in the design of ciclesonide for mitigation of side effects usually observed with the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Ciclesonide, a pro-soft drug, is converted to an active metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide in the lungs. The anti-inflammatory effect of desisobutyryl-ciclesonide is much higher than ciclesonide, and therefore, the local effect of the metabolite is higher with lower systemic side effects. Ciclesonide has favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as inhaled corticosteroid including low oral bioavailability, high plasma protein binding and rapid systemic clearance, high pulmonary deposition and distribution and long pulmonary residence duration. These advantageous properties make ciclesonide a very effective treatment option with low side effects. Various clinical studies support safety and efficacy of ciclesonide use in mild, moderate, and severe asthma patients.

Evaluation of the Transwell System for Characterization of Dissolution Behavior of Inhalation Drugs: Effects of Membrane and Surfactant.

Assessing the dissolution behavior of orally inhaled drug products (OIDs) has been proposed as an additional in vitro test for the characterization of innovator and generic drug development. A number of suggested dissolution methods (e.g., commercially available Transwell or Franz cell systems) have in common a membrane which provides the separation between the donor compartment, containing nondissolved drug particles, and an acceptor (sampling) compartment into which dissolved drug will diffuse. The goal of this study was to identify and overcome potential pitfalls associated with such dissolution systems using the inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), viz., budesonide, ciclesonide, and fluticasone propionate, as model compounds. A respirable fraction (generally stage 4 of a humidity, flow, and temperature controlled Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) or a Next Generation Impactor (NGI)) was collected for the tested MDIs. The dissolution behavior of these fractions was assessed employing the original and an adapted Transwell system using dissolution media which did or did not contain surfactant (0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate). The rate with which the ICS transferred from the donor to the acceptor compartment was assessed by HPLC. Only a modified system that incorporated faster equilibrating membranes instead of the original 0.4 µm Transwell membrane resulted in dissolution and not diffusion being the rate-limiting step for the transfer of drug from the donor to the acceptor compartment. Experiments evaluating the nature of the dissolution media suggested that the presence of a surfactant (e.g., 0.5% SDS) is essential to obtain rank order of dissolution rates (e.g., for budesonide, fluticasone propionate, and ciclesonide) that is in agreement with absorption rates of these ICS obtained in studies of human pharmacokinetics. Using the optimized procedure, the in vitro dissolution behavior of budesonide, ciclesonide, and fluticasone propionate agreed approximately with descriptors of in vivo absorption. The optimized procedure, using membranes with increased permeability and surfactant containing dissolution medium, represents a good starting point to further evaluate in vitro/in vivo correlations.

Preparation and characterization of polymorphs of the glucocorticoid deflazacort.

The polymorphism of new and old active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is of great importance due to performance, stability and processability aspects. The objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of deflazacort (DEF), a glucocorticoid discovered >40 years ago, since this phenomenon has not been previously investigated for this API. Using different methods for solid form screening, it was determined for the first time that DEF is able to exist as three forms: a crystalline (DEF-1); a hydrated X-ray amorphous (DEF-t-bw) and an anhydrous amorphous phase (DEF-g) obtained from manually grinding DEF-1. The in vitro and in vivo dissolution rates (DRs) of DEF-1 and DEF-t-bw, which were measured using the rotating disk method in water at 37 °C and the pellet implantation technique in rats, respectively, indicated that DEF-t-bw exhibited slightly faster in vitro and in vivo DRs than those of the crystalline form, but the values were not significantly different. In addition, it was determined that DEF-t-bw devitrifies to DEF-1 by the effect of pressure, humidity and heat. It was concluded that DEF is glucorticoid with low tendency to exhibit different crystalline forms and that DEF-t-bw has no advantages over DEF-1 in terms of solubility, DRs and solid-state stability.

[Pharmacokinetics of deflazacort tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers].

Deflazacort (DFZ, a prodrug) is well absorbed and rapidly metabolized into the active metabolite 21-hydroxydeflazacort (21-OH DFZ) after oral administration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of 21-OH DFZ in healthy Chinese volunteers after a single and multiple oral administration of DFZ tablets under fed condition. Twelve volunteers (six males and six females) were administered a single dose of 6 mg or 12 mg or 24 mg of DFZ in three different periods separately, according to the 3 x 3 Latin square design. Between each administration period there was a washout period of one week. The multiple-dose study of 12 mg dose DFZ per day for 7 consecutive days was started after a 1 w washout period when the single-dose study completed. The pharmacokinetic parameters of 21-OH DFZ after the single oral administration of 6 mg, 12 mg and 24 mg DFZ tablets were as follows: (37.7 +/- 11.6), (61.5 +/- 17.7) and (123 +/- 23) ng x mL(-1) for C(max); (1.90 +/- 0.32), (1.96 +/- 0.27) and (2.13 +/- 0.34) h for t1/2; (96.6 +/- 25.9), (190 +/- 44) and (422 +/- 107) ng x h x mL(-1) for AUC(0-14 h), respectively. After the multiple dose administration, the mean plasma concentration at steady-state C(av) was (7.00 +/- 1.66) ng x mL(-1) and the degree of plasma concentration fluctuation DF was 7.7 +/- 1.2. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of 21-OH DFZ in healthy Chinese volunteers were linear over the dose range of 6 to 24 mg. No significant gender differences were found in the pharmacokinetics of 21-OH DFZ in healthy Chinese volunteers. After the multiple dose administration of 12 mg DFZ for 7 d, no accumulation of 21-OH DFZ in healthy Chinese volunteers was observed.

Nasal deposition of ciclesonide nasal aerosol and mometasone aqueous nasal spray in allergic rhinitis patients.

BACKGROUND: Sensory attributes of intranasal corticosteroids, such as rundown to the back of the throat, may influence patient treatment preferences. This study compares the nasal deposition and nasal retention of a radiolabeled solution of ciclesonide nasal aerosol (CIC-hydrofluoroalkane [HFA]) with a radiolabeled suspension of mometasone furoate monohydrate aqueous nasal spray (MFNS) in subjects with either perennial allergic rhinitis (AR) or seasonal AR. METHODS: In this open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover scintigraphy study, 14 subjects with symptomatic AR received a single dose of radiolabeled 74-µg CIC-HFA (37 µg/spray, 1 spray/each nostril) via a nasal metered-dose inhaler or a single dose of radiolabeled 200-µg MFNS (50 µg/spray, 2 sprays/each nostril), with a minimum 5-day washout period between treatments. Initial deposition (2 minutes postdose) of radiolabeled CIC-HFA and MFNS in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and on nasal wipes, and retention of radioactivity in the nasal cavity and nasal run-out on nasal wipes at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes postdose were quantified with scintigraphy. RESULTS: At 2 and 10 minutes postdose, deposition of radiolabeled CIC-HFA was significantly higher in the nasal cavity versus radiolabeled MFNS (99.42% versus 86.50% at 2 minutes, p = 0.0046; and 81.10% versus 54.31% at 10 minutes, p < 0.0001, respectively; p values unadjusted for multiplicity). Deposition of radioactivity on nasal wipes was significantly higher with MFNS versus CIC-HFA at all five time points, and posterior losses of radiolabeled formulation were significantly higher with MFNS at 6, 8, and 10 minutes postdose. CONCLUSION: In this scintigraphic study, significantly higher nasal deposition and retention of radiolabeled aerosol CIC-HFA were observed versus radiolabeled aqueous MFNS in subjects with AR.

Analysis of 21-hydroxy deflazacort in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: application to a bioequivalence study in healthy volunteers.

A sensitive and rapid ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of 21-hydroxy deflazacort in human plasma using betamethasone as the internal standard (IS). After solid-phase extraction from 100 µL human plasma, the analyte and IS were analyzed on Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column using acetonitrile-4.0mM ammonium formate, pH 3.5 (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase. The protonated analyte was quantified by selected reaction monitoring in the positive ionization mode by triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The calibration plots were linear over the concentration range 0.50-500 ng/mL. Intra-batch and inter-batch precision (% CV) and accuracy (%) for five quality control samples ranged within 1.40-4.82% and 98.0-102.0% respectively. The overall mean extraction recovery of 21-hydroxy deflazacort from plasma ranged from 95.3 to 97.3%. Matrix effect was assessed by post-column analyte infusion and the extraction recovery was >95.0% across four quality control levels for the analyte and IS. Stability was evaluated under different conditions like bench top, autosampler, processed sample (at room temperature and in cooling chamber), freeze-thaw and long term stability. The method was applied to support a bioequivalence study of 30 mg deflazacort tablet formulation in 28 healthy subjects. Assay reproducibility was demonstrated by reanalysis of 115 incurred samples.

Efficacy and safety of high-dose ciclesonide for the treatment of severe asthma.

Asthma severity is classified according to the level of treatment required to control symptoms. Inhaled corticosteroids are the recommended first-line therapy for the treatment of persistent asthma, and when asthma remains uncontrolled, one option is to increase the inhaled corticosteroids dose. However, there is a concomitant risk of increasing local and systemic adverse events, which may impact patient adherence and physician prescribing practices. Ciclesonide is delivered as a prodrug, has high peripheral lung deposition and high protein-binding capabilities, and is rapidly eliminated from the systemic circulation. This article reviews the use of high-dose ciclesonide in patients with severe asthma and considers whether the pharmacology of ciclesonide translates into it being an efficacious and well-tolerated option for patients requiring a step-up in their asthma treatment.

Allometric modeling of ciclesonide, a nonhalogenated glucocorticoid, and its active metabolite, desisobutyrylciclesonide, using animal-derived pharmacokinetic parameters.

Ciclesonide, a novel glucocorticosteroid, through a rapid metabolism to desisobutyryl-ciclesonide (des-ciclesonide), provides an effective treatment option for asthma episodes by the inhaled route of administration. The availability of pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance [CL/F]; volume of distribution [Vd/F]; elimination half-life [T(½)]; and elimination rate constant [Kel]) in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs enabled the prediction of human parameter values for des-ciclesonide using the well-accepted tool of allometry after intravenous administration of ciclesonide. However, as a result of the rapid conversion of ciclesonide, it was possible to perform allometry for the CL parameter only. Simple allometry (CL = 4.781W°·7874; R² = 0.9968) appeared to predict the CL of ciclesonide in close proximity of the observed value (observed: 101.25 L/h versus predicted: 135.62 L/h). In a similar manner, simple allometry predicted the human pharmacokinetic parameters of des-ciclesonide (CL/F, Vd/F, T(½), and Kel) within a two- to threefold range of the observed values. The allometric equations for des-ciclesonide parameter values were: CL/F = 4.8166W°·49² (R² = 0.8598); Vd/F = 19.052W°·6³² (R² = 0.9049); T(½) = 3.7598W⁻°·¹6¹¹(R² = 0.8551); and Kel = 0.1832W°·¹596 (R² = 0.8632). In conclusion, the data suggested that allometry tool may be amenable for the prediction of the pharmacokinetic parameters of des-ciclesonide despite differences in the conversion rates and bioavailability of the active metabolite in various animal species.